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Psychology & Human Development
1. Extinction tends to occur with non re-enforcement of a conditional response T
2. Extinction is a part of the death instinct F
3. Extinction tends to occur with the repetition of the conditioned in the absence of unconditioned stimulus T
4. Extinction is usually followed by spontaneous recovery when the conditioned stimulus recurs T
5. Extinction is best inhibited by random re-enforcement T
6. Operant conditioning is useful in training mentally handicapped children T
7. Operant conditioning is the same as classical conditioning F
8. Operant conditioning is extinguished more rapidly when build up under partial re-enforcement F
9. Operant conditioning is of value in the treatment of addictions T
10. Operant conditioning is based on techniques derived from hypnosis F
11. Classical conditioning is also called Skinnerian conditioning F
12. Classical conditioning is some times called the method of stimulus substitution F
13. Stimulus generalisation is a recognised feature of Classical conditioning T
14. Classical conditioning can not account for novelty in behaviour F
15. The rate of the response in Operant conditioning is a good measure of the operant strength T
16. In extinction the total rate of response is of no value in evaluating operant strength T
17. In Operant conditioning, the conditioned response is similar to that caused by the unconditioned stimulus T
18. In Operant conditioning, second order conditioning is more easily demonstrated than in classical conditioning F
19. In Operant conditioning, negative re-enforcement can reduce the frequency of unwanted behaviour T
20. In Operant conditioning, extinction does not occur with intermittent re-enforcement T
21. Modelling is a form of operant conditioning F
22. Operant conditioning was described by Pavlov F
23. Operant conditioning is useful in behavioural treatment T
24. Learned Helplessness was first described by Beck F
25. Learned Helplessness was originally used as a cognitive model for depression F
26. Learned Helplessness has been demonstrated in Lab animals T
27. Learned Helplessness was first described in ill animals F
28. In Learned Helplessness, the behaviour is not contingent on reward T
29. Weschler adult Intelligence scale WAIS has a standard deviation intentionally set at 10 IQ points F
30. On Weschler adult Intelligence scale WAIS, there are more people with an IQ <70 than >130 F
31. A verbal-performance discrepancy of more than 15 points on Weschler adult Intelligence scale (WAIS) suggests organic brain damage T
32. Weschler adult Intelligence scale WAIS is amenable to qualitative analysis F
33. Functional analysis of behaviour explores antecedents of a single episode T
34. Functional analysis of behaviour tries to link consequences of behaviour with early experiences F
35. Functional analysis of behaviour establishes a warm relationship with the therapist F
36. Functional analysis of behaviour explores roles of others in reinforcing the behaviour T
37. Functional analysis of behaviour analyses the consequences of behaviour T
38. Social learning theories experimentally induce situational changes & observe behaviour T
39. Social learning theories assume that vicarious learning is important T
40. Sub-stages of Margaret Mahler separation individuation include Practicing T
41. Sub-stages of Margaret Mahler separation individuation include object constancy F
42. Sub-stages of Margaret Mahler separation individuation include Intimacy Vs isolation F
43. Sub-stages of Margaret Mahler separation individuation include Identity diffusion F
44. Sub-stages of Margaret Mahler separation individuation include sibling rivalry F
45. Assimilation occurs in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage T
46. Schemata occurs in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage T
47. Object constancy occurs in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage T
48. Shame occurs in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage F
49. Massed learning makes use of extinction F
50. Implosion makes use of extinction T
51. Reciprocal inhibition makes use of extinction T
52. Vicarious learning makes use of extinction
53. Social skills can be learned via modelling T
54. Aggressive behaviour can be learned via modelling T
55. Reduction of threshold for pain can be reduced via modelling T
56. Reduced anxiety can be learned via modelling T
57. Social facilitation can be learned via modelling T
Modelling is associated with Albert Bandura. Positive outcome modelling is used in professional training, social skills, parental training, medical / dental training & motor performance.
Negative outcome-modelling, causes the opposite effect i.e. increases aggression & violence.
58. Learned helplessness was first described by Seligman T
59. Learned helplessness occurs when re-enforcement is not contingent on behaviour T
60. Learned helplessness was first described in animals T
61. Learned helplessness explains anxiety disorders F
62. Learned helplessness has been used in behavioural formulation of depression T
63. Standard Intelligence tests can be modified to suit the person F
64. Standard Intelligence tests are culturally bias free F
65. Standard Intelligence tests are used to assess Intelligence in schools in California F
66. Intelligence is normally distributed as measured by standard Intelligence tests T
67. The relationship between arousal & performance shows that maximal arousal is required in order to perform well F
68. The relationship between arousal & performance is a J shaped curve F
69. The relationship between arousal & performance is independent of the type of arousing stimulus F
70. The relationship between arousal & performance may be measured by physiological indices T
71. The relationship between arousal & performance is known as the Yerkes-Dodson law T
72. A graded hierarchy is the initial effective component of systematic desensitisation F
73. Regarding the clinical application of learning theory involvement of the patient has no bearing on the effectiveness of treatment F
74. Regarding the clinical application of learning theory, systematic desensitisation is the treatment of choice for OCD F
75. Regarding the clinical application of learning theory, systematic desensitisation is not synonymous with graded exposure T
76. Cognitive dissonance was first described by Beck F
77. Cognitive dissonance is associated with dysphoria T
78. Cognitive dissonance predicts choices in an ambiguous situation T
79. Cognitive dissonance increases with personal responsibility for action T
80. Cognitive dissonance is thought to underlie attitude formation T
81. Reciprocal liking is important in enhancing friendship T
82. Physical attractiveness is important in enhancing friendship T
83. Reciprocal self disclosure is important in enhancing friendship T
84. Familiarity is important in enhancing friendship T
85. Complimentarity is more important that similarity in enhancing friendship T
86. Geographical proximity is important in enhancing friendship T
87. In a group of people, males are less likely to conform to a group of beliefs T
88. In a group of people, a group is less intervening in crisis than someone else T
89. In a group of people, more than one dissenting voice is required to significantly reduce levels of conformity F
90. In a group of people, an individual may agree with others even if he feels that the group is wrong T
91. In a group of people, the presence of others tend to decrease productivity F
92. Extinction tends to occur with the repetition of the unconditioned stimulus in the absence of the conditioned stimulus F
93. Extinction is part of Thanatos , the death instinct F
94. Extinction tends to occur with non re-enforcement of a conditioned response T
95. Extinction occurs only in classical conditioning F
96. Cognitive processes in emotion mediates the fight – flight response F
97. Cognitive processes in emotion may be held to account for the fact that emotions may be differentiated at physiological levels F
98. Cognitive processes in emotion are conceived as appraising & interacting with physiological response T
99. Cognitive processes in emotion are postulated in Schacter’s theory of emotion T
100. Cognitive processes in emotion are less important than the physiological state in the experience of emotion F
101. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that a change in attitude may result from dissonance causing behaviour T
102. Cognitive dissonance theory is a psychological theory for the aetiology of schizophrenia F
103. Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that behaviour is predicted by attitude F
104. Cognitive dissonance theory assumes that there is a drive towards cognitive consistency T
105. Cognitive dissonance theory was described by Festinger T
106. Modelling has been associated with the genesis of simple phobias T
107. Modelling has been associated with lowering anxiety T
108. Learning theory provides coherent explanations for the development of simple phobias T
109. Learning theory provides coherent explanations for the development of compulsive hand washing T
110. Learning theory provides coherent explanations for the development of depersonalisation F
111. Learning theory provides coherent explanations for the development of fetishism F
Learning theory provides coherent explanations for the development of Schizophrenia F
112. Starting with the mildly aversive consequences & gradually increasing the strength of punishment, maximises its effectiveness F
113. Delayed implementation of punishment on each occasion maximises its effectiveness F
114. Ensuring that the individual can consciously inhibit the undesirable behaviour, maximises the effectiveness of punishment T
115. Arranging for punishment to be administered via a fixed ration schedule maximises its effectiveness F
116. Simultaneous implementation of differential re-enforcement of desirable behaviour maximises the effectiveness of punishment T
117. Primary drives lead to searching behaviour T
118. Satisfaction of primary drives decreases the drive T
119. Primary drives need to be conscious T
120. Primary drives can not be learnt T
121. Dopamine is involved in regulating Primary drives T
122. Thumb sucking at the age of four will predispose to emotional problems later in life F
123. Nocturnal enuresis will predispose to emotional problems later in life F
124. Upbringing in an authoritarian family setting will predispose to emotional problems later in life T
125. Adoption after the age of 2 months will predispose to emotional problems later in life F
126. Being attached to a transitional object for more than 6 months in the first year of life will predispose to emotional problems later in life F
127. Temperament is fixed & not amenable to change at the age of 3 months F
128. Temperament can be genetically determent T
129. Bottle fed infants are slow to warm up F
130. Temperament influences the type of experience children make in the environment T
131. Difficult children are more likely to develop problems later in life T
132. Cognitive model of anxiety incorporates the concept of Catastrophisation T
133. Cognitive model of anxiety incorporates the concept of selective abstraction F
134. Cognitive model of anxiety incorporates the concept of Hypo-vigilance F
135. Cognitive model of anxiety only applies to people who have above average intelligence F
136. According to Cognitive model of anxiety , abnormal thinking is an underlying process in anxiety disorders T
137. Behavioural formulation of agoraphobia incorporates the concept of Sensitisation T
138. Behavioural formulation of agoraphobia incorporates the concept of Implosion F
139. Behavioural formulation of agoraphobia incorporates the concept of Over determination F
140. Behavioural formulation of agoraphobia incorporates the concept of Avoidance conditioning T
141. Behavioural formulation of agoraphobia incorporates the concept of Escape conditioning T
142. A one-year-old child should be fearful of loud noise T
143. A one-year-old child should be fearful of strangers T
144. A one-year-old child should be fearful of heights T
145. A one-year-old child should be fearful of animals F
146. A one-year-old child should be fearful of darkness T
147. Double bind was first described by Gregory Bateson T
148. Double bind applies mainly to children in broken homes F
149. Double bind has been experimentally confirmed to be an aetiological factor for schizophrenia F
150. Double bind refers to distorted communication between parents & off springs T
151. Double bind applies to schizophrenic families only F
152. Kelly’s Personal construct theory forms a psycho-dynamic understanding of personality F
153. Kelly’s Personal construct theory proposes that core construct underlie self identity T
154. Kelly’s Personal construct theory emphasises the influence of cognition on behaviour T
155. Kelly’s Personal construct theory uses the property grid as a measurement tool T
156. Kelly’s Personal construct theory has been used in work on thought disorder T
157. Second order conditioning is more easily demonstrated with operant than classical conditioning F
158. Partial re enforcement is more resistant to extinction than continuous re enforcement T
159. A conditioned response that is extinguished can show delayed spontaneous recovery T
160. Conditioning with fear evoking stimuli though rapid in onset are not long lasting F
161. A characteristic feature of solutions arrived at by insight learning is that they can be repeated promptly T
162. Reciprocal inhibition is a technique that can lead to desensitisation to the source of anxiety T
163. The hypothesis- testing nature of perception becomes apparent when viewing ambiguous figures T
164. Perception of figure – ground relationship is largely innate T
165. Cognitive dissonance results in the individual lack of commitment to the decision taken F
166. In theories of motivation the need for achievement described by McClelland is linked with levels of aspiration T
167. In Maslow’s pyramidal hierarchy of needs, esteem needs are above aesthetic needs F
168. In Weschler adult Intelligence scale , organic brain disease tends to lower verbal scale scores more than performance scale scores F
169. With regard to measurement of attitudes Thurstone scales provide a range of options to choose from F
170. Concerning attitude first impression of other people are governed more by dispositional than situational attributions T
171. The overall IQ scores on standard intelligence tests bear a predictable direct relationship to the size of brain lesions F
172. Components of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development includes a stage of ambivalence F
173. Components of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development includes a stage of ambivalence F
174. In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development the stage of objects relations follows the pre operational stage F
175. According to Piaget a child who has passed the concrete operational stage should be able to concentrate on 2 tasks simultaneously T
176. Mahler’s developmental theory holds that a phase of symbiosis follows separation – individuation F
177. A normal 3 year old child is able to draw a recognised human figure T
178. A child of 12 months would usually make a tower of 8 cubes F
179. At the age of 2 years a typical child displays imaginative play with representational toys T
180. According to Piaget the stage of formal operations is not entered in to before adolescence T
181. Mahler described rapprochement as being related to the age group 6-11 F 2 year
182. According to learning theory vicarious learning can occur even if the subject’s behaviour is not re enforced T
183. Learned helplessness is a concept based on animal experiments as a model to explain phobic avoidance F
184. Social learning theory emphasises beneficial role of punishment in treatment schedules F
185. With regard to sex & development of sex roles, the majority of children know their sex by the age of 2 ½ years T
186. The James – Lange theory of emotion states that bodily changes & the experience of emotion occur simultaneously F
187. The optimal level of arousal & the shape of arousal curve does not differ for different tasks
188. Schacter believed physiological arousal may lead to increased feeling of emotion provided that it is experienced in an appropriate context T
189. Most experimental studies suggest that physiological responses vary depending on both the intensity & quality of emotions F
190. In humans pain tolerance more than pain threshold is influenced by learning T
191. Kohlberg described 5 major level of morality F
192. The pre conventional stage of moral development is characterised by the child trying to conform fearing parental punishment T
193. According to Maslow peak experience are characteristic of self actualisers T
194. In operant conditioning partially re enforced behaviours are easier to extinguish than continuously re enforced behaviours F
195. In operant conditioning time out is a human example punishment T
196. Classical conditioning is also known as Pavlovian conditioning T
197. Classical conditioning principles are used as frame work for token economy F
198. Simple phobias often conform to an operant conditioning model of acquisition F
199. Simple phobias are maintained by the process of extinction F
200. Simple phobias are equally likely to present as fears of electricity & cars as to natural events like thunder & darkness F
201. The James – Lange theory of emotion was developed to explain the maintenance of panic attacks F
202. The facial expression of fear has a cross cultural agreement of greater than 50% T
203. The facial expression of fear is associated with a decrease in peripheral skin temperature T
204. The facial expression of fear is most accurately recognised by the right hemisphere in divided field studies T
205. In the context of learning generalisation is brought about by selective re enforcement to different stimuli F
206. In the context of learning generalisation means that similar stimuli will evoke the same conditioned response T
207. In the context of learning generalisation is the same as second order conditioning F
208. Fixed interval is a schedule of re enforcement T
209. Negative re enforcement is a schedule of re enforcement F
210. The social learning approach to behaviour stresses the importance of cognitive processes
211. The social learning approach to behaviour has been applied to the understanding of children’s aggression T
212. The social learning approach to behaviour stresses the importance of learning by observation T
213. Personal construct psychology uses a repertory grid to measure constructs T
214. Linear perspective is a monocular depth cue T
215. Proximity is a monocular depth cue F
216. The Gestalt school of psychology studies perceptual organisation T
217. Perceptual organisation Is shown by figure ground differentiation T
218. Unpredictable life events are more stressful than those which are predictable T
219. Life events scale place death of a spouse as the most stressful event T
220. In stress research type A behaviour is a risk factor for coronary heart disease T
221. Individuals are more likely to experience de individuation when compared with people in a group F
222. High self-esteem is associated with greater vulnerability to emotional problems F
223. Attitudes best predict behaviour when they are strong & consistent T
224. Heritability of a personality trait ranges from 1 to 100 F
225. Heritability of a personality trait describes the variance within a group of individuals T
226. The concept of learned helplessness is compatible with Brown & Harris theories of depression T
227. Cognitive dissonance refers to a theory of how attitudes change T
228. Cognitive dissonance occurs in schizophrenia when emotion is incongruent with cognition F
229. Illness behaviour includes claiming appropriate state benefits F
230. Illness behaviour includes the stage of legitimising of illness by the doctor T
231. Illness behaviour includes gaining exemption from blame for the illness T
232. Paired association test is typically used by psychologists to test memory T
233. Wisconin card sorting test is used by psychologists to test memory F
234. Learned helplessness results when an attitude of helplessness is re enforced by social rewards F
235. According to Beck hopelessness is a cognitive feature of depression T
236. According to Beck self blame is a cognitive feature of depression T
237. In classical conditioning Pavlov found that some animals are totally resistant to conditioning F
238. In classical conditioning extinction is the fading response to an unconditioned stimulus F
239. Cognitive dissonance refers to a theory how attitudes change T
240. Illness behaviour includes temporarily ceasing one’s occupation F
241. In operant conditioning re enforcement increases the rate of responding F
242. In operant conditioning extinction follows the termination of re enforcement of learned behaviour T
243. Classical conditioning terminology describes the presentation of food to a hungry animal as the unconditioned stimulus T
244. Personal construct psychology holds that the individual should be viewed as intuitive scientists T
245. Personal construct psychology uses a Q sort technique to measure constructs F
246. Attitudes best predict behaviour when they are based on the person’s direct experience T
247. Attitudes best predict behaviour when they are largely unconscious F
248. Attitudes best predict behaviour when they are specifically related to the behaviour being predicted T
249. Children are born with an ability to identify phonemes in the language of their parents F
250. Reward is mediated through meso-limbic dopaminergic system T
251. The higher the level of emotional arousal the better the performance F
252. Men with extremely high testosterone levels are more likely to have high status position than low status position in the society F men with high testosterone levels are more likely to have low status in the society
253. Boys & girls tend to imitate aggressive behaviour with the same frequency F
254. IQ tests are poor in predicting job success T
255. Schemata are helpful in processing information rapidly & efficiently T
256. Strong & constant attitudes are a better predictor of behaviour than weak & ambivalent attitudes T
257. Asch did experiments on conformity T
258. Decision following discussions by groups are generally well thought out rational decisions F in groups because a strong desire to maintain group consensus members spend more time rationalising their decisions rather than examining them for strength & weakness .This is called group thinking
259. Aggressive behaviour in children generally tend to be consistent over time & situations T
260. About 2/3 of children could be grouped as easy in New York longitudinal study
261. A child can see the world from another person’s point of view in Piaget’s pre operational stage F Puberty has an earlier stage of onset in boys than in girls F
262. According to Kohlberg most adults operate as stage 6 i.e. the highest stage of normal reasoning F
263. Boys who mature early are more likely to be emotionally unstable & have poor self control than those who mature late T
264. In classical conditioning when a conditioned response has been associated with a particular stimulus, similar stimuli may evoke the same response T this is called generalisation
265. In learning there may be structural changes at the neuronal level T
266. The law of effect promotes survival of the fittest responses T stated by Thorndike .
267. Avoidance responses are very difficult to extinguish T
268. In operant conditioning a positive re enforcer is an event whose onset increases the probability that a voluntary response will occur again T
269. In exposure & response prevention the patient watches another person perform the behaviour he is unable to perform himself F
270. Financial benefits are an example of primary gain F
271. Figure ground organisation may be reversible T
272. In gestalt psychology the determinants of grouping are proximity ,closure & similarity T
273. The prototype is a better indicator of a concept than it’s core properties F the core is a better indicator of concept
274. All languages have the same set of phonemes F
275. Motivation in most cases is as a result of primary re enforcers F
276. According to James – Lange theory of emotion autonomic arousal specific to an emotion mediates the subjective experience of emotion T
277. Learning is enhanced for mood congruent events T
278. Learning is enhanced for mood congruent events T
279. Alfred Binet devised the earliest intelligence tests T
280. In projective tests a person has to respond to ambiguous stimuli T as the stimulus is ambiguous it is assumed that the individual project his personality on to the stimulus
281. People whose spouses are similar to them in personality report greater marital conflict & less satisfaction F
282. People are generally consistent in their behaviours across different situations F
283. People find uncontrollable events to be more stressful than controllable ones T
284. The theory of learned helplessness explains why abused women remain in abusive relationships T
285. Stereotype tend to disappear when contradicting evidence is presented F
286. People do not commit the fundamental attribution error while evaluating their own behaviour F
287. According to Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory people strive to deal with the requirement of external events F this is accommodation
288. Fears of the dark & imagining characters are present in infancy F
289. According to Piaget assimilation is the modification of cognitive organisation to deal with requirements of external events F this is accommodation
290. The ability to perform mental operations is a feature of children in concrete operational stage T
291. Blind babies smile at a later age than babies with normal sight do F
292. According to Erickson intimacy versus isolation is the dominant theme in adolescence F identity V confusion , intimacy v isolation is seen in early adulthood
293. According to behavioural model of learning bad behaviours are the causes of mental disorders F
294. In Pavlovian classical conditioning salivation by a dog in response to food is an example of unconditioned response T
295. Flooding & systemic desensitisation are based on the classical conditioning model of learning T
296. Variable ratio of re enforcement is more effective in maintaining behaviour than fixed ratio re enforcement T
297. Discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that discriminate between classical & operant conditioning F
298. According to Gestalt psychology people tend to perceive objects as a whole T
299. Perceptual grouping in Gestalt psychology applies only to visual perception F also auditory
300. English language has about 40 speech sounds T
301. Pleasure is generally associated with stimuli that increase the chances of our & our offspring’s survivability T
302. The Schacter – Singer theory of emotion states that facial expression determines the subjective experience of the emotion F
303. Children who are punished severely by their parents are more likely to be aggressive than other children T
304. In the Stanford – Binet intelligence test each test item is age graded T
305. Ill tempered children are more likely to become ill tempered adults T
306. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the need at one level must be satisfied at least partially before those at the next level become important T
307. Humans show more arousal & distress when awaiting predictable shocks F
308. Individuals exhibit more resistant against indulging in impulsive behaviour than crowds T
309. In Milgram’s obedience experiment the more directly a person knew the victim the more likely they were to obey the experiment F
310. Parents of aggressive children are often not consistent in their parenting & do not set limits on the child’s behaviour T
311. Sexual fears & fears of failure & personal inadequacy are the prominent fears in childhood T
312. Piaget’s theory postulates that cognitive development & intelligence develop in a qualitative manner T
313. The ability to think in terms of many possible eventualities is a feature of Piaget’s formal operational stage of development T
314. Erickson’s stage of trust v mistrust corresponds to Freud’s oral stage T
315. In Pavlovian conditioning salivation by a dog in response to light is a conditioned stimulus F
316. Operant conditioning increases the likelihood of a response by following the behaviour with a re-enforcer T
317. Behavioural assessment does not include explanation of the stimuli presumed to increase or decrease the incidence of behaviour in question T
Personal construct theory can be investigated using behaviour analysis F
318. Size consistency is a monocular depth cue F
319. Perceptual organisation is shown by the grouping of objects in visual fields T
320. In perception the difference between bottom up & top down are that the former are driven slowly by the input whereas the latter are driven by person’s knowledge & expectations F the other way round
321. In visual perception the same region of visual cortex carries out localisation & recognition F
322. While scanning a picture the eyes move in a smooth continuous motion F
323. The effects that context has on perception of objects or people are explained by top down processing T
324. Lack of visual stimulation in the first few years of life can permanently impair the visual system T
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